Glaucoma is a set of eye illnesses that cause damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. It is one of the main causes of blindness across the world. Glaucoma is frequently linked with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP).

There are two main types of glaucoma:

  • Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common form, accounting for at least 90% of all glaucoma cases. It develops slowly over time and often has no symptoms until vision loss occurs. The increased eye pressure is caused by inadequate drainage of the aqueous humor fluid in the front part of the eye.
  • Angle-closure glaucoma: This happens when the drainage angle in the eye becomes completely blocked. It leads to a sudden spike in eye pressure and causes severe eye pain along with vision problems. Angle-closure glaucoma is considered an ophthalmic emergency.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the likelihood of acquiring glaucoma:

  • Age: People over 60 years old are at a higher risk. The risk continues to increase as you age.
  • Race: Glaucoma is more common in African Americans and Hispanics than Caucasians.
  • Family history: You are at a higher risk if you have a close relative with glaucoma. It suggests a genetic component.
  • Eye structure: A thinner cornea or pupils larger than average can contribute to glaucoma by causing increased eye pressure.
  • Medical conditions: Diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and high myopia (nearsightedness) increase glaucoma risk.
  • Medications: Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications can trigger secondary glaucoma.
  • Eye injuries: Significant trauma to the eye or head can damage the drainage system and nerves in the eye leading to glaucoma.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly and usually has no early symptoms. Symptoms only occur when substantial peripheral vision has already been lost.

Angle-closure glaucoma has abrupt symptoms like:

  • Blurred vision
  • Intense eye pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Seeing colored rings around lights

Other symptoms common in both glaucoma types:

  • Tunnel vision is caused by a gradual loss of peripheral vision.
  • Difficulty seeing in dim light
  • Reduced contrast sensitivity
  • A yellowish tinge in eyes or halos around lights

Since glaucoma causes permanent vision loss, it is critical to get your eyes checked regularly to detect it early. Treatment and medication can slow or prevent further vision damage.

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