In terms of reliability and performance, FR4 is the gold standard for printed circuit boards. This component's strong electrical insulation and constant mechanical performance in a wide range of situations have contributed to its widespread use. It is formed of woven fiberglass bound together with epoxy resin, and its fire-resistant nature has made it particularly popular. Switches, relays, arc shields, and screw terminals all make use of FR4, although this material is being phased out as more efficient alternatives become available due to concerns about electrical performance.

• Not containing halogen

Concern for the environment has accelerated the switch to halogen-free FR4 printed circuit boards. Even though this isn't mandated by any relevant authorities just yet, many are looking into it in case it becomes necessary in the future. Halogen-free labeling is seen as a competitive advantage for certain businesses, however, the electrical changes in the PCB assembly are what cause users anxiety.

• Polyimide's invention

However, despite FR4's success in electrical and the computer applications, it has recognized several shortcomings, which led to the invention of polyimide laminates, which are now experiencing explosive growth. As a result of their increased heat resistance and physical malleability, polyimides find use in high-temperature fuel cells and the electronic sector, where they are employed in flexible cables. The military and aerospace sectors are the fastest-growing consumers of this kind of printed circuit board technology.

• At a time when every defeat counts

Losses may accumulate with increasing frequency over time and distance. To deal with these issues, researchers have been working on high-frequency laminates. The features of the PCB prototype are more stable, and the proportion of loss is reduced. Ceramic-filled PTFE circuitry is more efficient than FR4 circuit boards, with losses of about 2%. This is in comparison to losses of up to 10% for the dielectric and conductor layers, respectively. Many emerging uses now need this more fine performance granularity because of performance improvements. Ceramic is proven to be superior for purposes in extreme temperatures, such as photovoltaic boards, and is more durable for use in the great outdoors. However, it is more costly and is not recommended for systems that demand rapid data transmission, despite being resistant to temperature and humidity.

HOW TO PICK THE BEST MATERIALS FOR YOUR TASK?

If you want your printed circuit boards to function well in your application, you need to know what those qualities are before you start shopping. While FR4 may still serve your purposes, there are newer products on the market that may be preferable if you have very stringent requirements, such as those related to heat sensitivity and/or the overall efficiency of electrical transmission.

To guarantee your success, your supplier should do more than simply help you locate the greatest price; they should also help you evaluate which product has the most track record of success.